Propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics 1992, 17 3, 106109. Central european journal of energetic materials, 20, 102, 277287. New insights into degradation pathways obtained by the observation of novel intermediates. It is a colorless solid that dissolves slightly in water. Enhanced performance from insensitive explosives ronald brown, john gamble, dave amondson, ronald williams, paul murch, and. Generators of these wastes must conform to epa regulations for treatment, storage, and disposal see chapter 7. The sensor reaction of dcm was first characterized in molecular solution, as shown in fig. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. Developing efficient detection methods for trace explosives has drawn intense attention due to increasing concerns about homeland security and public safety 1. Eurencoproduced hmx represents the best choice for high quality.
Domestically only manufactured in the holston army ammunition plant in kingsport, tn outside of u. Hmx octogen, tatp triacetone triperoxide, hmtd hexamethylene triperoxide diamine, tnt 2,4,6trinitroto. Shaped charges performance and mechanical data summaries rock optimized gun size. Method 8095 explosives by gas chromatography sw846 is not intended to be an analytical training manual. Mechanism and characteristics of thermal action of hmx explosive. A small amount of hmx octogen is also formed in making cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, another explosive similar in structure to hmx octogen. Article views are the countercompliant sum of full text article downloads since november 2008 both pdf and html across all institutions and individuals.
Chemical fact sheet rdx fact sheet 200104 this fact sheet is a part of a series of chemical fact sheets to address community concerns on. The three explosives used, rdx, hmx and petn, are white. Dec 01, 20 read degradation of tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters using zero. Hmx rdx sx2 hns temperature rating of explosive systems hollow carrier systems only contact your schlumberger representative. Hmx octahydro1,3,5,7tetranitro1,3,5,7tetrazocine also. Common explosives tnt, rdx, hmx and their fate in the. Preparation and characterization of insensitive hmx. Laboratory and analytical methods for explosives residues in soil mariannee. Emergency personnel at the united nations offices which were. Pbxs are normally used for explosive materials that are not easily melted into a casting, or are otherwise difficult to form. Hmx octogen is an acronym for high melting explosive. Dielectric characterization and microwave interferometry of.
Preparation and characterization of insensitive hmxgraphene. A new method of preparing the high explosive rdx journal. Experimental and tddft study of optical absorption of six. A polymerbonded explosive, also called pbx or plasticbonded explosive, is an explosive material in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities typically 510% by weight of a synthetic polymer. These studies demonstrate that rdx and hmx exhibit different solidstate properties depending on the growth condition. Only a small amount of hmx octogen will evaporate into the air. High melting explosive hmx single molecule explosive description hmx explosive material comes in a crystalline powder form of a white opaque color without visible impurities or signs of moisture. Identification of the substancemixture and of the companyundertaking date issued 10. The photo above makes clear that cl20 is considerably more powerful than hmx, demonstrating about 40 percent. Pdf degradation of tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters. The waste water treatment sludges from processing of explosives are listed as hazardous. Thermal decomposition progress with hmx explosives discussion data is applicable to shaped charges only reminder.
Pdf in the early twentieth century, more than 60 highly explosive compounds were developed and synthesized for military and civilian use. Singh, et al mechanical and explosive properties of plastic bonded explosives based on mixture of hmx and tatb 623 sensitive but of comparable performance to tntbased meltcast explosive formulation composition b as it meets the im. Hmx, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to rdx like rdx, the compounds name is the subject of much speculation, having been variously listed as high melting explosive, her majestys explosive, highvelocity military explosive or highmolecularweight rdx. The slurry was then filtered to obtain crude hmx, which was then. The dsc results proved that go sheets were compatible with hmx. Explosives analysis with the 5975smb gcms with cold ei aviv amirav, professor of chemistry at tel aviv university and director aviv analytical ltd, december 4, 20.
All explosives are dangerous and must be handles carefully and used. To give a wide predictive capability, continuum mechanical models of the. The total ion count is shown at the upper trace while the cold ei mass. Eurencoproduced hmx represents the best choice for high quality and performance. European journal of inorganic chemistry 20, 20 12, 21672180. Because of this property, hmx octogen is used in various kinds of explosives, rocket fuels, and burster chargers. All jrc charges undergo vigorous testing procedures during both the development phase and the production lifecycle. Several biodegradation pathways have been proposed, and these are based mainly on endproduct. Application of explosives in the oil industry article pdf available in international journal of oil gas and coal technology 11. Retrieval of thermally stressed nitramine rdx, hmx charges. Oct 31, 20 holston modernizes for current and new explosives. Chemical fact sheet hmx fact sheet 200104 this fact sheet is a part of a series of chemical fact sheets to address community concerns on public health and environmental issues associated with the massachusetts military reservation mmr. Due to its high energetic power, it is used in a variety of military applications. As with most military explosives, rdx is rarely used alone.
Propellants and explosives 5, 18 j, thermal decomposition process of hmx j. Directed crystal growth and solidstate analysis of the. Explosives pen t 70 use tnt rdx hmx dnt others anatols a,b 2050 comp a comp b comp c comp c comp c3 comp c4. Doe scientific and technical information sponsored by osti pdf. Degradation of tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters. Eurenco produces highly purified hmx, resulting in a high thermal stability and a. The analysis of rdx and hmx explosives mixture with the 5975smb gcms with cold ei. Vandersall lawrence livermore national laboratory livermore, ca 94550 abstract. It is commonly used as an ingredient in plastic explosives and has been used as explosive fill in most types of munitions compounds dod 2011.
This was the first masscasualty attack carried out using high explosives and detonators, technology that had only been invented around a decade earlier by alfred nobel. Byproducts of military explosives such as rdx have also been openly burned in many army ammunition plants in the past. The details of the stmbms experimental methods,2022 the chemical reactions of hmx and rdx,1, 14, 17, 18, 23 and the morphological changes that occur during the thermal decomposition of hmx 16 have been described in detail elsewhere. Head to the nearest chemistpharmacy, go up to the counter and ask for 6% peroxide, the person will take you to where it is. Laboratory and analytical methods for explosives residues in soil.
Crystallization and characterization of rdx, hmx, and cl20. Degradation of tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters using. Introduction to explosives for official use only hmx. A new method of preparing the high explosive rdx journal of the. For use as explosives, they are often formulated by mixing the crystalline material with a polymer binder to form a composite known as a plastic bonded explosive. Crystallization and characterization of rdx, hmx, and cl. Pdf the highenergy explosives 2,4,6trinitrotoluene tnt, hexahydro1,3. Retrieval of thermally stressed nitramine rdx, hmx charges matt bell shell perforating global delivery team. Hmx is used as an ingredient in plasticbonded explosives. One of the most important results is a direct correlation between the mean density of the. Ucla eng 96153 march 1996 treatment and biodegradation of the high explosives hmx, rdx, and tnt. The performance of these materials can be affected by several factors, many of which depend on solidstate properties, e. Treatment of hmx and rdx contamination digital library.
Shaped charges performance and mechanical data summaries. Alkaline hydrolysis of the cyclic nitramine explosives rdx. Request permission export citation add to favorites track citation. Studies on yield improvement of high melting explosive hmx. In this paper, a selection of the results obtained on the crystallization of the energetic materials rdx, hmx, and cl20 will be briefly reported. Since synthesis of explosives via nitration reaction is the most popular method, hence our discussion regarding biodegradation of explosives will be restricted to tnt, rdx and hmx only. New jersey measurements for pax3 an hmx based explosive with 20 weight % aluminum, little or no reaction occurs for more than 10 volume expansions. Alkaline hydrolysis of the cyclic nitramine explosives rdx, hmx, and cl20. The generated experimental results are not subject to the. Mechanical and explosive properties of plastic bonded. Bioremediation of nitro explosives tnt, rdx and hmx nitro explosives, both nitroaromatic tnt and cyclic nitramines rdx and hmx all with hazardous rating 3 are recalcitrant compounds causing inexorable ecological pollution due to their ability to bind environmental components like soil and indiscriminate using since decades gorontzy et.
They are developed pax series of explosive compositions and also a series of insensitive munitions im meltcast explosives. Sciencemadness discussion board hmx, fox7, tkx50, e. The list covers not only explosives, but also blasting agents and detonators, all of. Valent iron nanoparticles, propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Product identifier product name hmx chemical name 1,3,5,7tetranitro1,3,5,7tetraazacyklooktan reach reg no. General detailing of common explosive materials with names of the secondary explosive materials where either three common explosives are used. Hmx octogen explodes violently at high temperatures. For questions about the safety data sheet for this or other halliburton products, contact chemical stewardship at. Synergetic toxic effect of an explosive material mixture in soil ncbi. Eurenco produces highly purified hmx, resulting in a high thermal stability and a significant reduction of shock sensitivity. Pdf preparation and characterization of insensitive hmx. Understanding the intimate relationship between the growth conditions and the resultant properties is an important prerequisite to improving the performance of these compounds. Hmx, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive.
Compared to other commonly used explosives, the detection of 1,3,5trinitroperhydro1,3,5triazine rdx, octahydro1,3,5,7tetranitro1,3,5,7tetrazocine hmx, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate petn fig. It is also known as octogen and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, as well as by other names. Analysis and trends most powerful solid explosive produced on large scale in u. The formulation, pax35, is less mechanical and explosive properties of plastic bonded explosives based on mixture of hmx and tatb. Leading worldwide specialist in the field of high explosives, eurenco offers its customers a complete range of high explosives and compositions, thanks to hightech manufacturing capabilities. The swedish industrialist had devised a way to stabilize nitroglycerine in the form of dynamite and to detonate it using small charges of less stable explosives. Laboratory and analytical methods for explosives residues. Degradation of tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters using zerovalent iron nanoparticles article pdf available in propellants explosives pyrotechnics 386 december 20 with 253 reads. This step decomposes off the open chain nitro bodies. Rdx is a manmade chemical not occurring naturally in. Compared to the previous reports, go sheets exhibited better desensitizing effect than 60fullerene and cnts.
Logan, phd1,2 1msfs program, arcadia university, glenside, pa 2the center for forensic science research and education, willow grove, pa 3hlh consulting, philadelphia, pa more laboratories use gas chromatographymass spectrometry gcms than any other technology for analytical purposes. Rdx, hmx, petn, bttn, mngs, 1,2 dnb variations in abundances of masses compared to published tetryl analysis produces a hydrolysis product egdn and pgdn are difficult to distinguish dndps have same chromatography but still different rts. A small amount of hmx octogen is also formed in making cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine rdx, another explosive similar in structure to hmx octogen. The tensionfriction property and desensitizing mechanism of hmxgraphite interface were reported in our previous works 31,32. Tnt, rdx, and hmx explosive wastewaters using zerovalent iron nanoparticles. Cyclic nitramine explosives are synthesized globally mainly as military munitions, and their use has resulted in environmental contamination. The jrc family of shaped charges is available in a variety of size and explosive powder combinations to accommodate various wellbore configurations and temperature ranges. Mechanism and characteristics of thermal action of hmx explosive mixture containing. Rdx can be used alone as a base charge for detonators or mixed with other explosives such as. So in this work, the 254 nm uv light was applied for the photolysis of these explosive. Pdf biodegradation of the cyclic nitramine explosives. Mar 03, 2011 hmx octogen explodes violently at high temperatures. Shocktodetonation transition of rdx and nto based compos. Hmx, also called octogen, is a powerful and relatively insensitive nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to rdx.
Preparation and characterization of insensitive hmxgraphene oxide composites article pdf available in propellants explosives pyrotechnics 38. Furthermore, the shock sensitivity of these explosives, when incorporated in a socalled plastic bonded explosive pbx, will be discussed in more detail. High performance hmx based explosive hpx extremely insensitive rubberbased explosive imx. Trace detection of rdx, hmx and petn explosives using a. Pdf biodegradation of the explosives tnt, rdx and hmx. We report on the complex optical constants n and k of rdx, etn, petn, tatp, hmtd, hmx, and c4 as determined by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry vase over the midinfrared mir wavelength range from 2. Like rdx, the compounds name is the subject of much speculation, having been variously listed as high melting explosive, her majestys explosive, highvelocity military explosive, or highmolecularweight rdx. Designing modern warheads needs robust and reliable models to compute shock ignition and detonation propagation inside he. The heat dissipation and desensitizing mechanism of explosive. Although rdx and hmx did not have adverse effects on plants, these compounds did cause earthworm mortality, which has not been reported in. Fomicheva institute of physics of explosion, rfnc vniief sarov, russia using the manometric method, thermal decomposition of hmx, petn. Combined effects aluminized explosives, aluminized explosives, metal pushing capability, high blast energies, aluminum, aluminum oxide conversion, eigenvalue detonation theory.
Microwave interferometry is a useful technique for understanding the development and propagation of detonation waves. Therefore, method procedures are written based on the assumption that they will be performed by analysts who are formally trained in at least the basic principles of chemical analysis and in the use of the subject technology. The three explosives used, rdx, hmx and petn, are white crystalline powders and their acetonitrile solutions are transparent to visible light, absorbing mainly in the middle ultraviolet muv region fig. Retrieval of thermally stressed nitramine rdx, hmx. Treatment and biodegradation of the high explosives hmx, rdx, and tnt. The properties of single crystal hmx and tatb were studied by many researchers 1927. Holston modernizes for current and new explosives article. Spectral characterization of rdx, etn, petn, tatp, hmtd, hmx.
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